Category: Insight

  • Influence of Metal Dopant (Cu, Co, Sm, Sn) on Ni/ScSZ Thin Film Anode in Solid Oxide Fuel Cell

    » Journal of Regional Development and Technology Initiatives

    Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are highly efficient electrochemical conversion devices that generates electrical energy through electrochemical reaction of gaseous fuel. Doping on the SOFC anode catalyst has the potential to increase the performance and tolerance of SOFC towards hydrocarbon fuel. An understanding of the doping effect of different type of catalyst on the SOFC anode is essential due to the differences in the characteristics of the catalysts and the impact on the existing anode catalyst microstructure with the dopant addition. This study is aimed to identify the effect of metal catalysts doping on the microstructure and electrochemical performance of Ni/ScSZ thin composite anodes on the SOFC electrolyte supported cell with surface infiltration method. The impact on the anode catalyst’s microstructure, distribution of element and elemental analysis was carried out using SEM-EDX and XRD analysis. The electrochemical performance of the cells were evaluated by the maximum power density and open-circuit-voltage (OCV) from the current-voltage (iV) measurement in hydrogen and in biogas. The results of this study found that the presence of dopant introduction of 5wt% dopant/Ni can be detected by EDX, but not with lower concentration. For Sn, Sm and Cu doped cells, the XRD analysis detected Ni3Sn, Ni2Sm and Cu0.81Ni0.19 alloy formed, respectively. Doping by 0.5 wt% of Sn/Ni and 5wt% of Sm/Ni  improved the electrochemical performance in hydrogen by three-fold and two-fold (184mW/cm2 and 100mW/cm2, respectively) compared to 49 mW/cm2 in the undoped cell. Addition of Cu showed the best tolerance with biogas operation. Co addition on the other hand posed a negative impact and the microstructure of the anode become overly dense. This work observed different impact dopant by various dopant on the cell’s porosity which influenced the electrochemical reaction. As the result with biogas deviates from previous investigation with anode supported cell, it can be concluded that for electrolyte supported cell with thin anode which have limited catalytic area as the reforming reaction reaction compete with the triple phase boundary area for  electrochemical reaction.

  • Influence of Metal Dopant (Cu, Co, Sm, Sn) on Ni/ScSZ Thin Film Anode in Solid Oxide Fuel Cell

    » Journal of Regional Development and Technology Initiatives

    Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are highly efficient electrochemical conversion devices that generates electrical energy through electrochemical reaction of gaseous fuel. Doping on the SOFC anode catalyst has the potential to increase the performance and tolerance of SOFC towards hydrocarbon fuel. An understanding of the doping effect of different type of catalyst on the SOFC anode is essential due to the differences in the characteristics of the catalysts and the impact on the existing anode catalyst microstructure with the dopant addition. This study is aimed to identify the effect of metal catalysts doping on the microstructure and electrochemical performance of Ni/ScSZ thin composite anodes on the SOFC electrolyte supported cell with surface infiltration method. The impact on the anode catalyst’s microstructure, distribution of element and elemental analysis was carried out using SEM-EDX and XRD analysis. The electrochemical performance of the cells were evaluated by the maximum power density and open-circuit-voltage (OCV) from the current-voltage (iV) measurement in hydrogen and in biogas. The results of this study found that the presence of dopant introduction of 5wt% dopant/Ni can be detected by EDX, but not with lower concentration. For Sn, Sm and Cu doped cells, the XRD analysis detected Ni3Sn, Ni2Sm and Cu0.81Ni0.19 alloy formed, respectively. Doping by 0.5 wt% of Sn/Ni and 5wt% of Sm/Ni  improved the electrochemical performance in hydrogen by three-fold and two-fold (184mW/cm2 and 100mW/cm2, respectively) compared to 49 mW/cm2 in the undoped cell. Addition of Cu showed the best tolerance with biogas operation. Co addition on the other hand posed a negative impact and the microstructure of the anode become overly dense. This work observed different impact dopant by various dopant on the cell’s porosity which influenced the electrochemical reaction. As the result with biogas deviates from previous investigation with anode supported cell, it can be concluded that for electrolyte supported cell with thin anode which have limited catalytic area as the reforming reaction reaction compete with the triple phase boundary area for  electrochemical reaction.

  • Islamic Moral Ethics: The Foundations for Good Governance, Management, and Civilizational Advancement

    » Perwakilan: Journal of Good Governance, Diplomacy, Customary Institutionalization and Social Networks

    Islamic moral ethics, in essence, are not something new in Islamic knowledge. Many classical books mention the components that give advancement in governance, like Madinat al-Fadhilah by al-Farabi, Siyar al-Muluk by Nizam al-Mulk, Muqaddimah by Ibn Khaldun, al-Ahkam al-Sulthaniyah by al-Mawardi, Siraj al-Muluk by al-Turtushi, as-Siyasah al-Shariyyah by Ibn Taymiyah, Nasihat al-Mulk by al-Ghazali and many more. This article explores Islamic moral ethics as foundational pillars and their roles in shaping effective governance, ethical management, and the advancement of civilization. Islamic moral ethics need to be highlighted to answer the needs of today’s modern governance and to be more just, compassionate, and wise for the benefit of the people. Drawing from core Islamic values such as justice (‘adl), trust (amanah), compassion (rahmah), social welfare (maslahah), and collective wisdom (hikmah), the study demonstrates how these principles not only guide individual conduct but also inform institutional structures and advancement. Integrating Islamic moral ethics into governance ensures transparency, accountability, and public welfare. At the same time, it promotes fairness, responsibility, and inclusive decision-making in management. The article further compares Islamic values with modern governance and management, revealing strong areas of convergence and unique contributions. The study affirms that embedding Islamic moral ethics into contemporary governance and management frameworks can foster sustainable development, institutional trust, and long-term civilizational progress in an increasingly complex global environment.

  • MAN Insan Cendekia: Dari Cita-cita hingga Menjadi Fenomena

    MAN Insan Cendekia: Dari Cita-cita hingga Menjadi Fenomena

    Madrasah Aliyah Negeri (MAN) Insan Cendekia didirikan dengan visi yang jauh melampaui sekolah Islam tradisional. Pada akhir 1990-an, ide dan cita-cita ini muncul dari gagasan visioner Prof. Dr. B.J. Habibie yang ingin memadukan pendidikan agama dengan pendidikan sains. Beliau melihat perlunya madrasah yang mampu mengintegrasikan ilmu agama dan ilmu pengetahuan modern agar Indonesia dapat menghasilkan generasi yang memiliki integritas dan kecerdasan yang unggul. Oleh karena itu, MAN Insan Cendekia pertama kali didirikan di Serpong, Tangerang, sebagai percontohan model pendidikan Islam modern yang selanjutnya berkembang ke berbagai wilayah di Indonesia.

    Dengan tujuan menciptakan intelektual Muslim yang mampu bersaing di tingkat global, MAN Insan Cendekia dirancang sebagai lembaga pendidikan yang berfokus pada ilmu sains, teknologi, serta ilmu agama. Kurikulum yang diterapkan adalah kombinasi dari kurikulum nasional dan pembelajaran Islam yang mendalam, yang dimaksudkan untuk melahirkan individu dengan landasan moral yang kuat dan kecakapan akademik tinggi. Sejak awal, institusi ini menekankan pada pembentukan karakter yang berlandaskan nilai-nilai keislaman sekaligus mempersiapkan siswa untuk berperan aktif di dunia teknologi dan sains.

    Menjadi siswa MAN Insan Cendekia bukanlah hal yang mudah. Sekolah ini memiliki standar seleksi yang ketat untuk memastikan hanya calon siswa terbaik yang diterima. Seleksi melibatkan beberapa tahap, termasuk ujian akademik, tes psikologi, dan wawancara. Setiap tahun, ribuan siswa dari seluruh Indonesia berkompetisi untuk mendapatkan tempat di sekolah ini. Proses seleksi ini tidak hanya menilai kemampuan akademik, tetapi juga aspek karakter dan potensi siswa untuk berkembang dalam lingkungan pembelajaran yang intensif.

    Di MAN Insan Cendekia, metode pembelajaran yang diterapkan tidak hanya berfokus pada akademik semata, tetapi juga pada pengembangan moral dan spiritual. Siswa diajarkan untuk berpikir kritis dan mampu menyelesaikan masalah kompleks dengan cara yang islami dan etis. Metode belajar di sini menggabungkan teori dengan praktik, menggunakan laboratorium sains yang canggih dan fasilitas belajar modern lainnya. Selain itu, ada berbagai kegiatan ekstrakurikuler yang memungkinkan siswa mengembangkan minat dan bakat mereka, mulai dari riset ilmiah, debat, olahraga, hingga organisasi kepemimpinan.

    Salah satu aspek unik dari MAN Insan Cendekia adalah kehidupan asrama yang menjadi bagian integral dari pendidikan di sana. Semua siswa tinggal di asrama yang dikelola dengan sistem yang mendukung kedisiplinan dan kebersamaan. Kehidupan di asrama membentuk kebiasaan yang baik dan mengajarkan mereka nilai-nilai kemandirian, kerja sama, serta toleransi. Lingkungan asrama ini juga memungkinkan siswa untuk saling berbagi pengetahuan, bertukar ide, dan tumbuh bersama dalam suasana yang produktif dan kondusif.

    Seiring dengan berjalannya waktu, MAN Insan Cendekia telah melahirkan alumni-alumni yang tidak hanya sukses secara akademis, tetapi juga memberikan kontribusi signifikan bagi masyarakat. Banyak alumni yang melanjutkan pendidikan ke universitas terkemuka di dalam dan luar negeri. Mereka berkiprah di berbagai bidang, mulai dari sains dan teknologi, bisnis, hingga pemerintahan. Kehadiran alumni ini menjadi bukti nyata keberhasilan visi awal pendirian MAN Insan Cendekia, yakni mencetak generasi yang unggul secara akademik dan berbudi pekerti luhur, terintegrasi IMTAQ dan IPTEK.

    Keberhasilan MAN Insan Cendekia dalam mencetak lulusan yang berprestasi telah membuat sekolah ini menjadi fenomena tersendiri di masyarakat. Sekolah ini menjadi inspirasi bagi banyak madrasah dan sekolah-sekolah Islam lain di Indonesia untuk mengadopsi model pendidikan yang serupa. Fenomena ini menunjukkan bahwa pendidikan Islam yang berkualitas tinggi tidak hanya dapat bersaing dengan sekolah umum, tetapi juga mampu menghasilkan lulusan yang siap bersaing di tingkat global.

    Di balik semua prestasi, MAN Insan Cendekia menghadapi tantangan, terutama dalam menjaga standar pendidikan yang tinggi di tengah perubahan kurikulum dan perkembangan teknologi yang pesat. Tantangan lainnya adalah bagaimana memfasilitasi perkembangan siswa di era digital tanpa kehilangan identitas keislaman yang menjadi nilai inti sekolah ini. Untuk itu, sekolah ini terus berinovasi dengan mengintegrasikan teknologi dalam proses pembelajaran dan mempertahankan pembinaan karakter yang kuat.

    MAN Insan Cendekia diharapkan dapat terus menjadi model bagi pendidikan madrasah di Indonesia, bahkan dunia secara umum. Dengan semakin meningkatnya kebutuhan akan pemimpin yang memiliki kecakapan ilmu pengetahuan dan akhlak mulia, sekolah ini memiliki potensi untuk mencetak lebih banyak lulusan yang akan menjadi pemimpin bangsa. Harapan lainnya adalah agar MAN Insan Cendekia dapat terus berkontribusi dalam memperkuat integrasi ilmu agama dan ilmu pengetahuan dalam sistem pendidikan Indonesia.

    Seiring waktu fenomena MAN Insan Cendekia membuktikan tidak sekadar menjadi sebuah sekolah, tetapi telah menjadi simbol keberhasilan pendidikan Islam yang mampu beradaptasi dengan perkembangan zaman tanpa mengorbankan nilai-nilai dasar keislaman. Model pendidikan yang diterapkan di MAN Insan Cendekia menjadi bukti bahwa integrasi antara ilmu agama dan ilmu pengetahuan adalah sesuatu yang mungkin dan dapat menghasilkan generasi muda yang unggul. Dengan keberlanjutan visi dan misinya, MAN Insan Cendekia diharapkan akan terus menjadi inspirasi dan teladan bagi pendidikan Islam di Indonesia dan dunia.

    Oleh Abdullah A., ditulis di Kuala Lumpur, 12 November 2024
    *penulis adalah lulusan angkatan ke-5 Insan Cendekia Serpong

  • Integrative Learning Strategies for Enhancing Critical Thinking in Islamic Religious Education

    » AL-IMAM: Journal on Islamic Studies, Civilization and Learning Societies

    This research employs a qualitative approach to explore integrative learning strategies aimed at enhancing critical thinking skills in Islamic Religious Education at the secondary school level in Padang, Indonesia. The study involved four teachers and 120 students from various classes to provide a comprehensive perspective. Given the increasing importance of critical thinking in education, especially in subjects that shape students’ moral and ethical foundations, this research emphasizes the crucial role of developing these skills within Islamic Religious Education. Data were collected through direct classroom observations, in-depth interviews with teachers and students to capture their experiences and insights on the strategies used, and a detailed analysis of relevant teaching materials. The findings reveal that group discussions create a dynamic environment where students can exchange ideas, broaden perspectives, and develop critical arguments. Case study analyses enable students to connect religious concepts to real-life situations, reinforcing the practical significance of religious teachings. Problem-solving activities promote logical, systematic, and reflective thinking skills, especially when addressing complex moral and ethical dilemmas. The study also highlights that these strategies not only enhance students’ critical thinking but also increase their active engagement in learning, deepen their understanding of religious teachings, and foster a reflective approach toward moral values. This research offers an in-depth understanding of the effectiveness of integrative learning strategies in Islamic Religious Education and underscores their relevance in preparing students to meet the demands of modern education, which prioritizes critical thinking skills.

  • Re-Viewing Sumitro’s Policy and Industrial Maturity: Powering Downstream and Manufacturing Industries for Economic Growth and Sustainable Society

    » Journal of Regional Development and Technology Initiatives

    During the 1950s, Sumitro Djojohadikusumo contributed in a significant manner to the construction of the economy of Indonesia, along with other figures, namely Mohammad Hatta, Sjafruddin Prawiranegara, and Djuanda Kartawidjaja. During this period, Sumitro promoted policies to drive industrialization in Indonesia and self-reliance to transform Indonesia from a colonial economy into a developing nation. Soemitro Djojohadikusumo’s economic policies were pivotal in shaping Indonesia’s post-colonial economy; focusing on production and industrial sovereignty, he emphasized reducing dependency on imports by fostering domestic industries, especially strategic sectors like heavy industry and natural resource processing, which he saw as crucial to national sovereignty. Soemitro also promoted stimulating economic activities through both public investment and private sector engagement, aiming to diversify the economy and drive sustained growth. Many of the challenges Soemitro addressed, such as infrastructural gaps and weak technological readiness, which remain relevant today. This research analyzes to what extent the economic policy shaped by Sumitro impacts Indonesia’s development. This analysis has significance in understanding Indonesia’s contemporary economic planning and trends, particularly in terms of economic policy shaped by the newly elected President of Indonesia, Prabowo Subianto. Analysis of Sumitro’s policy is conducted through the lenses of the industrial maturity concept, which is relevant to growth theory, resource-based view, and development economics. Indonesia’s pursuit of industrial maturity is crucial for transforming its raw resource-based economy into one that competes globally by adding value to domestic production. The need to revitalize manufacturing and strengthen downstream industries is critical for boosting competitiveness and integrating circular economic principles that emphasize sustainability. Soemitro’s vision of empowering society aligns with modern approaches to creating a more inclusive economy. However, infrastructure bottlenecks, a lagging education system, and regulatory complexities continue to slow the progress. Addressing supply chain challenges through regional industrial clustering and focusing on efficiency will be vital for overcoming these barriers. Further empirical research is needed to explore how infrastructure, education reform, and regulatory simplification can enhance Indonesia’s industrial maturity and sustainable economic development.

  • Re-Viewing Sumitro’s Policy and Industrial Maturity: Powering Downstream and Manufacturing Industries for Economic Growth and Sustainable Society

    » Journal of Regional Development and Technology Initiatives

    During the 1950s, Sumitro Djojohadikusumo contributed in a significant manner to the construction of the economy of Indonesia, along with other figures, namely Mohammad Hatta, Sjafruddin Prawiranegara, and Djuanda Kartawidjaja. During this period, Sumitro promoted policies to drive industrialization in Indonesia and self-reliance to transform Indonesia from a colonial economy into a developing nation. Soemitro Djojohadikusumo’s economic policies were pivotal in shaping Indonesia’s post-colonial economy; focusing on production and industrial sovereignty, he emphasized reducing dependency on imports by fostering domestic industries, especially strategic sectors like heavy industry and natural resource processing, which he saw as crucial to national sovereignty. Soemitro also promoted stimulating economic activities through both public investment and private sector engagement, aiming to diversify the economy and drive sustained growth. Many of the challenges Soemitro addressed, such as infrastructural gaps and weak technological readiness, which remain relevant today. This research analyzes to what extent the economic policy shaped by Sumitro impacts Indonesia’s development. This analysis has significance in understanding Indonesia’s contemporary economic planning and trends, particularly in terms of economic policy shaped by the newly elected President of Indonesia, Prabowo Subianto. Analysis of Sumitro’s policy is conducted through the lenses of the industrial maturity concept, which is relevant to growth theory, resource-based view, and development economics. Indonesia’s pursuit of industrial maturity is crucial for transforming its raw resource-based economy into one that competes globally by adding value to domestic production. The need to revitalize manufacturing and strengthen downstream industries is critical for boosting competitiveness and integrating circular economic principles that emphasize sustainability. Soemitro’s vision of empowering society aligns with modern approaches to creating a more inclusive economy. However, infrastructure bottlenecks, a lagging education system, and regulatory complexities continue to slow the progress. Addressing supply chain challenges through regional industrial clustering and focusing on efficiency will be vital for overcoming these barriers. Further empirical research is needed to explore how infrastructure, education reform, and regulatory simplification can enhance Indonesia’s industrial maturity and sustainable economic development.

  • Syarat Wajib Saksi dalam Perceraian dalam Tinjauan Maqashid Syariah, Mempertimbangkan Pandangan Fuqaha dan Mufassir

    » AL-IMAM: Journal on Islamic Studies, Civilization and Learning Societies

    Marriage in Islam is a sacred and strong bond that aims to maintain self-respect and create a harmonious family life. Islam pays great attention to preserving marriage and preventing rifts that can destroy family harmony. However, in conditions that cannot be maintained, Islam regulates a way out through divorce with wise provisions, including the requirement for witnesses. There are differences of opinion among scholars regarding the requirement of witnesses in divorce. Some scholars do not require witnesses in divorce, while others consider it mandatory. This article examines the background of these differences of opinion and then provides an analysis using the ushul fiqh and maqashid sharia approaches. This approach focuses on a deep understanding of the existing evidence and the use of evidence by scholars to support their opinions. By understanding the concept of maqashid sharia, we can see that the presence of witnesses in divorce is in line with the objectives of Islamic law and provides legal certainty. The obligation to have witnesses in divorce, as also stated in Indonesian Family Law, is a stronger view in maintaining justice and ensuring protection for all parties, especially in dealing with the impact of divorce on children and families.

  • Islamic Worldview and Muhammadiyah’s Moderate Approach: From the Dynamics of the School of Religion and the Progress of Manhaj

    » Perwakilan: Journal of Good Governance, Diplomacy, Customary Institutionalization and Social Networks

    This article discusses the Islamic worldview and Muhammadiyah’s moderation approach by highlighting the dynamics of mazhab and the progress of manhaj in Muhammadiyah Islamic thought. The discussion begins with an exploration of Muhammadiyah’s religious insight which is rooted in the principles of tauhid, ijtihad, and tajdid. Furthermore, the development of Islamic thought in Muhammadiyah is studied through a scientific and contextual approach to understanding texts and social realities. Muhammadiyah’s Manhaj Tarjih becomes the methodological basis for making moderate religious decisions oriented towards people’s benefit. Finally, the concept of progressive moderation is associated with the development of an Islamic worldview that is balanced between spirituality and modernity. Through this approach, Muhammadiyah not only maintains the purity of Islamic teachings but also contributes to building an inclusive and progressive civilization. This article emphasizes that Muhammadiyah’s progressive moderation attitude is relevant in facing contemporary challenges.

  • The Concept of Tawhid in the Perspective of Nusantara Mufassirs: A Comparative Study of Tafsir Al-Misbah and Tafsir Al-Azhar

    » AL-IMAM: Journal on Islamic Studies, Civilization and Learning Societies

    Tawhid, as a fundamental concept in Islam, serves as the primary foundation for all religious teachings, particularly in the aspects of worship and social life. Tawhid not only teaches the oneness of Allah SWT but also acts as the basis that guides the behavior of Muslims in all aspects of their lives. Given the importance of this concept, various mufassirs or Qur’anic scholars from different cultural and intellectual backgrounds have sought to interpret it according to the context of their times and societies. This study focuses on two prominent mufassirs from the Nusantara, Quraish Shihab and Buya Hamka, whose works, Tafsir Al-Misbah and Tafsir Al-Azhar, have become key references in Islamic studies in Indonesia. The aim of this research is to compare and analyze how these two mufassirs understand and interpret the concept of Tawhid in the Qur’an. The method used is library research with a comparative approach, allowing the identification of similarities and differences in the interpretation of Tawhid by the two mufassirs. Tafsir Al-Misbah by Quraish Shihab is known for its contextual and modern approach, often linking the interpretation of Qur’anic verses to contemporary social realities. Conversely, Tafsir Al-Azhar by Buya Hamka tends to use a more traditional approach, emphasizing the relevance of Qur’anic teachings in the daily lives of Muslims. The findings reveal that, despite differences in interpretative methods, both mufassirs share similar views on the essence of Tawhid. Quraish Shihab emphasizes the importance of contextual understanding tailored to the challenges of the times, while Buya Hamka focuses more on the spiritual and moral aspects of Tawhid. This difference lies in their methods, with Shihab inclined toward a more flexible hermeneutic approach, whereas Hamka is more literal and normative. Nonetheless, both agree that Tawhid should be reflected in all aspects of a Muslim’s life and serve as the foundation for all moral actions and worship. This research provides important insights into the interpretation of Tawhid by Nusantara mufassirs and its relevance in the lives of Muslims in Indonesia today.

  • Gus Dur’s Interreligious Equality in the Context of Plural Indonesian Society

    » AL-IMAM: Journal on Islamic Studies, Civilization and Learning Societies

    In the plural Indonesian society, where there are Muslim, Protestant, Catholic, Budha, Hindu, Konghucu, and Penghayat, interreligious harmony is something that cannot be ignored. In this case, the majoritarianism tyranny is an intolerant source that can crack harmony in religious diversity. This article gives a concept of Gus Dur’s teaching about the principle of interreligious equality. Any main questions have been exposed in this article; How is Gus Dur’s partiality toward the non-Muslim minority? How does Islam, which Gus Dur taught, regard other religious people? And why is Gus Dur’s teaching important in the religious context of plural Indonesian society? To answer the questions, to expose Gus Dur’s teaching in this article, the author explored various of Gus Dur’s writings. In this way, the author used the method of library research. According to some findings in this article, diversity for Gus Dur was not only an idea but also a part of his struggle for humanity. Gus Dur always protected humanity without seeing religious status. Gus Dur’s partiality to the non-Muslim minority was strengthened by his belief that all humans, whatever their religions, are brothers and all are equal. Gus Dur taught the principle of interreligious equality.

  • Exploration of the Reading of Surah Mu’awwidzatain at the Ashabul Yamin Lasi Tuo Pondok Pesantren: A Study of the Living Quran in the Context of Spiritual Development of Santri

    » AL-IMAM: Journal on Islamic Studies, Civilization and Learning Societies

    This research focuses on the practice of articulating the al-Falaq and an-Naas at Pondok Pesantren Ashhabul Yamin Lasi Tuo, which has become an essential part of the santri spiritual lives. The research employs a descriptive qualitative approach, collecting data through direct observation, in-depth interviews with the santri and the managers of the wirid activities, and related documentation. Key informants in this study provide insights into how these surahs are integrated into daily routines and how this practice is embraced and understood by the madrasah community. The findings of this research reveal that the articulation of the mu’awwidzatain surahs at Pondok Pesantren Ashhabul Yamin has a significant impact on the spiritual development of the santri. This practice not only offers protection from external disturbances but also serves as a tool for developing inner strength, peace of mind, and discipline in daily life. Santri engaged in this practice shows improvements in focus, tranquillity, and determination, all of which are the results of deep reflection on the teachings of these surahs. However, this study also identifies some challenges in the implementation of this tradition, particularly in maintaining its consistency and relevance amid social and environmental changes. The implications of these findings underscore the importance of understanding the role of religious rituals in shaping the spiritual identity of santri in madrasah. Traditions such as the articulation of the mu’awwidzatain surahs should not only be seen as part of the religious curriculum but also as a vital means of instilling deep moral and spiritual values. Therefore, it is crucial to preserve and develop this tradition while adapting it to the dynamics and challenges faced in the modern era.