The global shift toward digital transformation has significantly accelerated the adoption of online learning and open education models. However, in an increasingly complex and fast-changing world (VUCA), digitalization alone is no longer sufficient as an objective. This article aims to explore how online learning and open education can evolve beyond digitalization by aligning with broader global challenges, trends, and emerging societal needs. Using a conceptual and literature-based approach, the paper examines how open education contributes to contemporary issues such as technological advancement, sustainability, regional development, inclusiveness, and public participation. In this context, open education is not merely defined by free access to digital platforms but rather as a paradigm shift toward collaboration, open knowledge, and democratized learning. Education is increasingly understood as a participatory and sustainable ecosystem, rather than a one-directional process. This study emphasizes that building an inclusive, adaptive, and future-relevant education system requires the integration of policy innovation, technological advancement, and values of openness. The article provides practical policy insights, implications, and strategic recommendations for transitioning from simple digital educational access to a development and transformation strategy, particularly in developing countries where educational inequality and sustainability gaps remain key concerns.
Category: Research Article
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Online Learning and Open Education: Transforming Beyond Digitalization
The global shift toward digital transformation has significantly accelerated the adoption of online learning and open education models. However, in an increasingly complex and fast-changing world (VUCA), digitalization alone is no longer sufficient as an objective. This article aims to explore how online learning and open education can evolve beyond digitalization by aligning with broader global challenges, trends, and emerging societal needs. Using a conceptual and literature-based approach, the paper examines how open education contributes to contemporary issues such as technological advancement, sustainability, regional development, inclusiveness, and public participation. In this context, open education is not merely defined by free access to digital platforms but rather as a paradigm shift toward collaboration, open knowledge, and democratized learning. Education is increasingly understood as a participatory and sustainable ecosystem, rather than a one-directional process. This study emphasizes that building an inclusive, adaptive, and future-relevant education system requires the integration of policy innovation, technological advancement, and values of openness. The article provides practical policy insights, implications, and strategic recommendations for transitioning from simple digital educational access to a development and transformation strategy, particularly in developing countries where educational inequality and sustainability gaps remain key concerns.
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Reconstructing the Concept of Bela Negara: From Excessive Jargon to an Empirical Civic-based Approach
The term bela negara (BN) has been widely used in Indonesian national discourse, often associated with state-led campaigns, ideological ceremonies, and symbolic narratives. However, its application has increasingly shown symptoms of conceptual excessivism, overused, abstract, and disconnected from everyday civic life. This article aims to reconstruct BN into a measurable and meaningful framework through an empirical, civic-based approach. By adapting behavioral and marketing evaluation models, such as customer satisfaction index (CSI), servqual, and theory of planned behavior, this paper proposes the model partisipasi bela negara (MPBN). The model offers six key dimensions: public awareness, perceived relevance, emotional engagement, civic intention, real action, and loyalty to the national narrative. These dimensions enable both scholars and policymakers to assess the effectiveness of BN initiatives based on citizen experience and engagement. The model serves as a strategic tool for transforming BN concept into a participatory, democratic, and context-sensitive concept, particularly relevant in today’s digital and pluralistic society. Rather than functioning as a rigid ideological imposition, BN should evolve into an inclusive civic identity that empowers public participation and strengthens national cohesion through trust, value, and meaningful contribution.
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Digital Learning Co-Creation: A Conceptual Study between University and Learning Hub in Underdeveloped Urban Areas
This article presents a conceptual co-creation model of digital learning between universities and learning hubs in organizing online lectures as a strategy to increase literacy access in underdeveloped urban areas. The background of this study comes from initial observations conducted at Darulfunun Payakumbuh, a community-based institution that has facilitated students from various universities to take online lectures with the support of study rooms, connectivity, and mentoring. In the context of limited infrastructure and learning facilities at home, a collaboration between higher education institutions and digital learning centers such as Darulfunun is a potential solution to overcome the gap in access to education. This study uses a conceptual approach by combining the principles of co-creation (co-initiation, co-design, co-delivery, co-reflection) and the Customer Satisfaction framework, especially the expectation-perception-reaction model towards digital learning services. The discussion is directed at the design of shared facilities, adaptive collaboration mechanisms, and measuring student satisfaction with the quality and access to online lecture services. This study produces a conceptual model that can be used as a reference for further research and development of community-based higher education policies, with implications for increasing digital literacy and equality of access to higher education in marginalized areas.
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Digital Learning Co-Creation: A Conceptual Study between University and Learning Hub in Underdeveloped Urban Areas
This article presents a conceptual co-creation model of digital learning between universities and learning hubs in organizing online lectures as a strategy to increase literacy access in underdeveloped urban areas. The background of this study comes from initial observations conducted at Darulfunun Payakumbuh, a community-based institution that has facilitated students from various universities to take online lectures with the support of study rooms, connectivity, and mentoring. In the context of limited infrastructure and learning facilities at home, a collaboration between higher education institutions and digital learning centers such as Darulfunun is a potential solution to overcome the gap in access to education. This study uses a conceptual approach by combining the principles of co-creation (co-initiation, co-design, co-delivery, co-reflection) and the Customer Satisfaction framework, especially the expectation-perception-reaction model towards digital learning services. The discussion is directed at the design of shared facilities, adaptive collaboration mechanisms, and measuring student satisfaction with the quality and access to online lecture services. This study produces a conceptual model that can be used as a reference for further research and development of community-based higher education policies, with implications for increasing digital literacy and equality of access to higher education in marginalized areas.
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Influence of Metal Dopant (Cu, Co, Sm, Sn) on Ni/ScSZ Thin Film Anode in Solid Oxide Fuel Cell
Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are highly efficient electrochemical conversion devices that generates electrical energy through electrochemical reaction of gaseous fuel. Doping on the SOFC anode catalyst has the potential to increase the performance and tolerance of SOFC towards hydrocarbon fuel. An understanding of the doping effect of different type of catalyst on the SOFC anode is essential due to the differences in the characteristics of the catalysts and the impact on the existing anode catalyst microstructure with the dopant addition. This study is aimed to identify the effect of metal catalysts doping on the microstructure and electrochemical performance of Ni/ScSZ thin composite anodes on the SOFC electrolyte supported cell with surface infiltration method. The impact on the anode catalyst’s microstructure, distribution of element and elemental analysis was carried out using SEM-EDX and XRD analysis. The electrochemical performance of the cells were evaluated by the maximum power density and open-circuit-voltage (OCV) from the current-voltage (iV) measurement in hydrogen and in biogas. The results of this study found that the presence of dopant introduction of 5wt% dopant/Ni can be detected by EDX, but not with lower concentration. For Sn, Sm and Cu doped cells, the XRD analysis detected Ni3Sn, Ni2Sm and Cu0.81Ni0.19 alloy formed, respectively. Doping by 0.5 wt% of Sn/Ni and 5wt% of Sm/Ni improved the electrochemical performance in hydrogen by three-fold and two-fold (184mW/cm2 and 100mW/cm2, respectively) compared to 49 mW/cm2 in the undoped cell. Addition of Cu showed the best tolerance with biogas operation. Co addition on the other hand posed a negative impact and the microstructure of the anode become overly dense. This work observed different impact dopant by various dopant on the cell’s porosity which influenced the electrochemical reaction. As the result with biogas deviates from previous investigation with anode supported cell, it can be concluded that for electrolyte supported cell with thin anode which have limited catalytic area as the reforming reaction reaction compete with the triple phase boundary area for electrochemical reaction.
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Influence of Metal Dopant (Cu, Co, Sm, Sn) on Ni/ScSZ Thin Film Anode in Solid Oxide Fuel Cell
Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are highly efficient electrochemical conversion devices that generates electrical energy through electrochemical reaction of gaseous fuel. Doping on the SOFC anode catalyst has the potential to increase the performance and tolerance of SOFC towards hydrocarbon fuel. An understanding of the doping effect of different type of catalyst on the SOFC anode is essential due to the differences in the characteristics of the catalysts and the impact on the existing anode catalyst microstructure with the dopant addition. This study is aimed to identify the effect of metal catalysts doping on the microstructure and electrochemical performance of Ni/ScSZ thin composite anodes on the SOFC electrolyte supported cell with surface infiltration method. The impact on the anode catalyst’s microstructure, distribution of element and elemental analysis was carried out using SEM-EDX and XRD analysis. The electrochemical performance of the cells were evaluated by the maximum power density and open-circuit-voltage (OCV) from the current-voltage (iV) measurement in hydrogen and in biogas. The results of this study found that the presence of dopant introduction of 5wt% dopant/Ni can be detected by EDX, but not with lower concentration. For Sn, Sm and Cu doped cells, the XRD analysis detected Ni3Sn, Ni2Sm and Cu0.81Ni0.19 alloy formed, respectively. Doping by 0.5 wt% of Sn/Ni and 5wt% of Sm/Ni improved the electrochemical performance in hydrogen by three-fold and two-fold (184mW/cm2 and 100mW/cm2, respectively) compared to 49 mW/cm2 in the undoped cell. Addition of Cu showed the best tolerance with biogas operation. Co addition on the other hand posed a negative impact and the microstructure of the anode become overly dense. This work observed different impact dopant by various dopant on the cell’s porosity which influenced the electrochemical reaction. As the result with biogas deviates from previous investigation with anode supported cell, it can be concluded that for electrolyte supported cell with thin anode which have limited catalytic area as the reforming reaction reaction compete with the triple phase boundary area for electrochemical reaction.
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Islamic Moral Ethics: The Foundations for Good Governance, Management, and Civilizational Advancement
Islamic moral ethics, in essence, are not something new in Islamic knowledge. Many classical books mention the components that give advancement in governance, like Madinat al-Fadhilah by al-Farabi, Siyar al-Muluk by Nizam al-Mulk, Muqaddimah by Ibn Khaldun, al-Ahkam al-Sulthaniyah by al-Mawardi, Siraj al-Muluk by al-Turtushi, as-Siyasah al-Shariyyah by Ibn Taymiyah, Nasihat al-Mulk by al-Ghazali and many more. This article explores Islamic moral ethics as foundational pillars and their roles in shaping effective governance, ethical management, and the advancement of civilization. Islamic moral ethics need to be highlighted to answer the needs of today’s modern governance and to be more just, compassionate, and wise for the benefit of the people. Drawing from core Islamic values such as justice (‘adl), trust (amanah), compassion (rahmah), social welfare (maslahah), and collective wisdom (hikmah), the study demonstrates how these principles not only guide individual conduct but also inform institutional structures and advancement. Integrating Islamic moral ethics into governance ensures transparency, accountability, and public welfare. At the same time, it promotes fairness, responsibility, and inclusive decision-making in management. The article further compares Islamic values with modern governance and management, revealing strong areas of convergence and unique contributions. The study affirms that embedding Islamic moral ethics into contemporary governance and management frameworks can foster sustainable development, institutional trust, and long-term civilizational progress in an increasingly complex global environment.
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Integrative Learning Strategies for Enhancing Critical Thinking in Islamic Religious Education
This research employs a qualitative approach to explore integrative learning strategies aimed at enhancing critical thinking skills in Islamic Religious Education at the secondary school level in Padang, Indonesia. The study involved four teachers and 120 students from various classes to provide a comprehensive perspective. Given the increasing importance of critical thinking in education, especially in subjects that shape students’ moral and ethical foundations, this research emphasizes the crucial role of developing these skills within Islamic Religious Education. Data were collected through direct classroom observations, in-depth interviews with teachers and students to capture their experiences and insights on the strategies used, and a detailed analysis of relevant teaching materials. The findings reveal that group discussions create a dynamic environment where students can exchange ideas, broaden perspectives, and develop critical arguments. Case study analyses enable students to connect religious concepts to real-life situations, reinforcing the practical significance of religious teachings. Problem-solving activities promote logical, systematic, and reflective thinking skills, especially when addressing complex moral and ethical dilemmas. The study also highlights that these strategies not only enhance students’ critical thinking but also increase their active engagement in learning, deepen their understanding of religious teachings, and foster a reflective approach toward moral values. This research offers an in-depth understanding of the effectiveness of integrative learning strategies in Islamic Religious Education and underscores their relevance in preparing students to meet the demands of modern education, which prioritizes critical thinking skills.
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Re-Viewing Sumitro’s Policy and Industrial Maturity: Powering Downstream and Manufacturing Industries for Economic Growth and Sustainable Society
During the 1950s, Sumitro Djojohadikusumo contributed in a significant manner to the construction of the economy of Indonesia, along with other figures, namely Mohammad Hatta, Sjafruddin Prawiranegara, and Djuanda Kartawidjaja. During this period, Sumitro promoted policies to drive industrialization in Indonesia and self-reliance to transform Indonesia from a colonial economy into a developing nation. Soemitro Djojohadikusumo’s economic policies were pivotal in shaping Indonesia’s post-colonial economy; focusing on production and industrial sovereignty, he emphasized reducing dependency on imports by fostering domestic industries, especially strategic sectors like heavy industry and natural resource processing, which he saw as crucial to national sovereignty. Soemitro also promoted stimulating economic activities through both public investment and private sector engagement, aiming to diversify the economy and drive sustained growth. Many of the challenges Soemitro addressed, such as infrastructural gaps and weak technological readiness, which remain relevant today. This research analyzes to what extent the economic policy shaped by Sumitro impacts Indonesia’s development. This analysis has significance in understanding Indonesia’s contemporary economic planning and trends, particularly in terms of economic policy shaped by the newly elected President of Indonesia, Prabowo Subianto. Analysis of Sumitro’s policy is conducted through the lenses of the industrial maturity concept, which is relevant to growth theory, resource-based view, and development economics. Indonesia’s pursuit of industrial maturity is crucial for transforming its raw resource-based economy into one that competes globally by adding value to domestic production. The need to revitalize manufacturing and strengthen downstream industries is critical for boosting competitiveness and integrating circular economic principles that emphasize sustainability. Soemitro’s vision of empowering society aligns with modern approaches to creating a more inclusive economy. However, infrastructure bottlenecks, a lagging education system, and regulatory complexities continue to slow the progress. Addressing supply chain challenges through regional industrial clustering and focusing on efficiency will be vital for overcoming these barriers. Further empirical research is needed to explore how infrastructure, education reform, and regulatory simplification can enhance Indonesia’s industrial maturity and sustainable economic development.
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Re-Viewing Sumitro’s Policy and Industrial Maturity: Powering Downstream and Manufacturing Industries for Economic Growth and Sustainable Society
During the 1950s, Sumitro Djojohadikusumo contributed in a significant manner to the construction of the economy of Indonesia, along with other figures, namely Mohammad Hatta, Sjafruddin Prawiranegara, and Djuanda Kartawidjaja. During this period, Sumitro promoted policies to drive industrialization in Indonesia and self-reliance to transform Indonesia from a colonial economy into a developing nation. Soemitro Djojohadikusumo’s economic policies were pivotal in shaping Indonesia’s post-colonial economy; focusing on production and industrial sovereignty, he emphasized reducing dependency on imports by fostering domestic industries, especially strategic sectors like heavy industry and natural resource processing, which he saw as crucial to national sovereignty. Soemitro also promoted stimulating economic activities through both public investment and private sector engagement, aiming to diversify the economy and drive sustained growth. Many of the challenges Soemitro addressed, such as infrastructural gaps and weak technological readiness, which remain relevant today. This research analyzes to what extent the economic policy shaped by Sumitro impacts Indonesia’s development. This analysis has significance in understanding Indonesia’s contemporary economic planning and trends, particularly in terms of economic policy shaped by the newly elected President of Indonesia, Prabowo Subianto. Analysis of Sumitro’s policy is conducted through the lenses of the industrial maturity concept, which is relevant to growth theory, resource-based view, and development economics. Indonesia’s pursuit of industrial maturity is crucial for transforming its raw resource-based economy into one that competes globally by adding value to domestic production. The need to revitalize manufacturing and strengthen downstream industries is critical for boosting competitiveness and integrating circular economic principles that emphasize sustainability. Soemitro’s vision of empowering society aligns with modern approaches to creating a more inclusive economy. However, infrastructure bottlenecks, a lagging education system, and regulatory complexities continue to slow the progress. Addressing supply chain challenges through regional industrial clustering and focusing on efficiency will be vital for overcoming these barriers. Further empirical research is needed to explore how infrastructure, education reform, and regulatory simplification can enhance Indonesia’s industrial maturity and sustainable economic development.
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Islamic Worldview and Muhammadiyah’s Moderate Approach: From the Dynamics of the School of Religion and the Progress of Manhaj
This article discusses the Islamic worldview and Muhammadiyah’s moderation approach by highlighting the dynamics of mazhab and the progress of manhaj in Muhammadiyah Islamic thought. The discussion begins with an exploration of Muhammadiyah’s religious insight which is rooted in the principles of tauhid, ijtihad, and tajdid. Furthermore, the development of Islamic thought in Muhammadiyah is studied through a scientific and contextual approach to understanding texts and social realities. Muhammadiyah’s Manhaj Tarjih becomes the methodological basis for making moderate religious decisions oriented towards people’s benefit. Finally, the concept of progressive moderation is associated with the development of an Islamic worldview that is balanced between spirituality and modernity. Through this approach, Muhammadiyah not only maintains the purity of Islamic teachings but also contributes to building an inclusive and progressive civilization. This article emphasizes that Muhammadiyah’s progressive moderation attitude is relevant in facing contemporary challenges.